Much like a bank ATM, an ADM functions as a decentralized distribution point in the hospital pharmacy system and is interfaced with the main medication information systems. The ADM provides proper storage, inventory control and security for pharmaceuticals at the point of care, and can only be used by authorized users who are authenticated by passwords and often biometric measures such as fingerprint readers. After being validated, the clinician must select the correct patient and medication before the cabinet will open and dispense the requested medication(s).
ADM have several major advantages over traditional pharmacy delivery systems. First, the most commonly needed pharmaceuticals are already present at the point of care and do not need to be sent or transported from main pharmacy stores, a time and labor intensive process. This can save considerable time in the daily workflow of nurses. Second, controlled substances remain in a secure lockbox until needed and access to the vault is secured by multi-factor authentication and audit trails to prevent waste and drug diversion. Third, patient charges and inventory control tasks are simplified in an automated dispensing system and "lost charges" are much reduced. Finally, the ADM can provide clinical decision support to improve patient safety---providing drug-allergy alerts, drug-drug interactions, advise on high risk medication (heparin, insulin) and avoid confusion with "sound alike" medications.
The ADM does not prevent all drug dispensing and administration errors, and is not a panacea for ending all adverse drug administration errors. Precise adherence to standard protocols for administering medication must be followed by clinical personnel and are the final fail safe for preventing errors. Pharmacy can still stock the wrong medication in a given drug cabinet, and a clinician can still pick a "look-alike" medication from an adjacent drug drawer. In addition, the ADM should ideally be used as part of an eMAR system using barcodes on both the medication and the actual patient bracelet to insure the right patient is getting the right medication. In addition, the ADM is an electronic device, takes some time to access and dispense medication, and could malfunction at a critical time in a patient‘s care; for this reason, a separate supply of most resuscitation/critical care drugs ( e.g. epinephrine, atropine) are kept in traditional resuscitation kits (code carts) for immediate use during an emergency.
Automatic dispensing devices, in simplified format, are already being used in the home environment to assist in the correct administration of complicated medical regimens to elderly patients and those with memory impairments. This may improve compliance and safety in this population at high risk for medication errors. As clinical decision support improves, ADM will become more sophisticated and provide more useful assistance to patients and clinicians alike.